Category: Discover

Orthotropics 14. Age for treatment.

Precis. What age should parents be advised about the cause of malocclusion and should treatment be started before the growth spurts at seven or twelve? My father was told it should be five I was taught thirteen and my son was taught when the permanent teeth had erupted. Which is correct? Certainly parents deserve sound advice so they can seek treatment at the appropriate time.

Lecture 14, My father who was also an orthodontist told me that when he trained in 1921 he was told to consider orthodontic treatment from the age of four onwards. If at the age of five there was not room for “Half a Crown” (a UK coin about 2mm thick) between each upper incisor, then you should expand. Why have orthodontists changed so much since then?

  

His teacher at Guys hospital was Harold Chapman who was probably the best known orthodontist in the UK. In 1936 I became a patient of Chapman at the age of 8 when he expanded my narrow jaw. I must now be one of the last of his patients still alive. Out of interest I looked up some of his lectures and found that the ‘correct age of treatment’ was his special interest.

At one meeting in America he said “it seemed to me not inappropriate to promote a new discussion on the age for orthodontic treatment at such a representative gathering as this”.

“Translated into practical terms, the reason age is a predominant factor is that at one period early treatment may give good results, and at another, the late period, good results may be an impossibility; in the intermediate period treatment looked at from every point of view gradually degenerate from good to very poor as the age increases”. Not everyone would agree with him today but few could prove him wrong.

 

Certainly I find expansion under the age of six quite simple and usually children at this age are very compliant. The thing that is difficult is changing their posture. I am sure that it was this last factor that persuaded orthodontists in the 1930s to delay treatment to the start of Puberty. Because if they could not change oral posture their cases quickly relapsed during the deciduous changeover. Therefore it made sense to them to wait until the changeover was complete. However by this age Maxillary change was very difficult.

I don’t think I can give a better example than my own son Mike. At the age of five his deciduous incisors were slightly crowded which is a sign that there will be severe crowding in the future. At that time I had not developed the Indicator Line but I could see that his face was growing vertically. So I expanded him at the semi-rapid rate with a Stage 1 Biobloc appliance.

After four months there was plenty of space and you can see the un-erupted central incisors had moved apart showing the central suture had widened. He subsequently had Stage 3 and 4 appliances which gave him an entirely different facial form compared to his father.

 

I should add that his mother’s maxilla was narrower than mine. I would recommend that either the Clinician or Parent measures the Indicator line around the age of three or four. If it is increased then efforts should be made to improve mouth posture and possibly commence treatment by five. Failure to do this can have severe consequences.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

As a general rule neither Prof or Dr Mew have time to engage in the comments section, their focus must be to gain as much real change and scientific engagement as possible, and this would otherwise consume all their time. If you want to engage with Prof John Mew or Dr Mike Mew on this or other topics then follow these links (if you want a personal opinion on your situation then please book an on-line consultation at https://orthodontichealth.co.uk/book-…

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Orthotropics 13. Contrasting Orthodontic Concepts.

Precis. Most dental and orthodontic students attend university to learn how to treat patients, so they inevitably learn past methods. Some will stay with these all their life, others will change their ideas; maybe more than once. For many it has not been until near the end of their careers that experience teaches them that retracting ‘sticking out’ front truth may not improve appearance.

Lecture 13. Time does not always improve our knowledge.  As I said in my first lecture, Edward Angle stated “Orthodontic treatments are very unlikely to succeed, if the functional disorders are still going on”. Charles Tweed one of his more radical students suggested four premolars should be extracted and this concept was adopted by most orthodontists for the next 60 years. However at the end of his career Tweed said “in future the vast majority of orthodontic treatment will be carried out during the mixed dentition”. So ultimately both of them adopted concepts very similar to my own.

By the time many of us have realised the true nature of malocclusion it is too late to create a new paradigm. Today many orthodontists around the world still strive for perfectly straight teeth probably because they are all dentists. I was taught “if you treat correctly the teeth will stay straight, if they don’t, you have not done it correctly”, but now it is accepted that we have to retain the teeth for the rest of a patient’s life. Is this inevitable and are the patients getting a fair deal?

The constant theme of this lecture series is facial appearance.  In lecture 6 I described the ‘Indicator Line’ which I created in the 1970s to measure facial lengthening. It relates closely to facial attractiveness as well as malocclusion but I found that the Indicator Line almost always increased when fixed appliances were used, especially if this was coupled with extractions.

It was the Indicator Line that first convinced me that “sticking out incisors” are actually too far back and the rest of the face is even further back. See the illustration of an eight year old girl with a 14mm overjet. I proclined the incisors to reduce the Indicator Line which increased the overjet to 17mms before encouraging the rest of her face to grow forward. As a result her chin, the Gnathion came forward 27mm.

That was 50 years ago and I find it hard to believe that orthodontists are still retracting “sticking out” incisors. Even more concerning, few orthodontists appreciate the consequences of this. It routinely retracts the maxilla and mandible which not only spoils the face but reduces the arch length, therefore leaving less room for the teeth. Sadly this worsens Sleep Apnoea and Temporomandibular problems which are both related to retruded jaws, as well as many ear nose and throat issues. This is because none of the accepted treatments are able to make the mandible grow forward, so the maxilla is pulled back instead.

Many clinicians use ‘Functional’ appliances to bring forward the mandible in class II cases and the Twin Block is one of the most popular appliances in the world. However my experience is that these appliances only achieve one or two millimetres of forward growth and the rest of the overjet is corrected by facial lengthening and upper dental retraction with lower proclination.

Recently positioners such as Invisaline and Smile Direct have become popular, mainly because they are less work and therefore less expense. They usually align the teeth in class 1 cases very nicely as you can see, but are not so easy for class II or III cases. Frequently they lengthen the face, because the patient starts to swallow with their tongue between their teeth as can be seen here. Some cases lose lateral control while others Tip, Roll or Yaw. All these problems are difficult for orthodontics to control, although fairly easy for an Orthotropist.

As a general rule neither Prof or Dr Mew have time to engage in the comments section, their focus must be to gain as much real change and scientific engagement as possible, and this would otherwise consume all their time. If you want to engage with Prof John Mew or Dr Mike Mew on this or other topics then follow these links (if you want a personal opinion on your situation then please book an on-line consultation at https://orthodontichealth.co.uk/book-…

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Orthotropics 12. Measuring Facial Shape

Precis. Brodie and Bolton developed different ways to demonstrate facial form, especially of the profile. Most orthodontic super impositions are based on the Sphenoid bone but this may not be as stable as we have believed. The Gnathiometer uses the Frontal bone for superimpositions which enables the forward growth of the Gnathion to be measured to the nearest millimetre.

Lecture 12. I have been interested in facial form since I was an undergraduate and was impressed by the work of Allan Brodie who after a study of cephalometric X-rays in 1938, concluded “The most startling find was the apparent inability to alter anything beyond the alveolar process”. I think much of the work of orthodontists around the world is still based on this belief.

Subsequently I read the work of Charles Bolton, who had studied the facial profile of a large number of white Americans and created his famous ideal profile, but his work did not easily allow for variations in vertical height. At that time X-ray superimpositions were on the sphenoid bone which was assumed to be the fixed base of the skull. Naturally because everybody was superimposing on the Sphenoid they soon believed that it did not move.

However my own X-ray studies showed that during orthotropic treatment the angle between the Frontal bone and the Sphenoid bone increased, at the same time as the Saddle angle which reduced. As the Frontal bone showed little sign of change I assumed that the thin sphenoid wings had allowed the sphenoid itself to move up and down within the skull. This explained to me many of the other apparent changes in the face. It was also well supported by the research of Luzi in 1982.

As I discussed in my sixth lecture, I use the Indicator Line to measure the vertical drop of the face which is routinely caused by open mouth postures but because all the bones change shape it is not easy to assess forward growth, so I have created my Gnathiometer. With acknowledgment to Charles Bolton, this makes use of a point ‘F’ on the frontal bone 50mm above the Nasion. I found that a line dropped from ‘F’ through the Nasion should pass close to the ideal position of Gnathion.

Point ‘F’ is on the surface of the Frontal bone 50mm above the soft tissue cephalometric point ’N’, and the vertical line between them can be extended down to measure the amount of forward growth of Gnathion to the nearest millimetre. The Gnathiometer requires a full sized photographic print of the facial profile. The guide plus an APP which prints out the correct sized face is available from www.johnmeworthotropics.co.uk  price £50.

The amount of forward growth quickly distinguishes different types of treatment as many fixed appliances achieve little forward growth, indeed the Gnathion often falls back which may be why they are thought to increase TMD and OSA problems.

As a general rule neither Prof or Dr Mew have time to engage in the comments section, their focus must be to gain as much real change and scientific engagement as possible, and this would otherwise consume all their time. If you want to engage with Prof John Mew or Dr Mike Mew on this or other topics then follow these links (if you want a personal opinion on your situation then please book an on-line consultation at https://orthodontichealth.co.uk/book-…

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Orthotropics 11. Changing Facial Aesthetics

Precis. Orthodontists naturally focus on the teeth while most orthotropists think the face is more important. Most fixed appliances tend to retract the face while orthotropics moves it forward. Some illustrations are shown of different forms of treatment.

Lecture 11.This is the principal objective of Facial Orthotropics. I think I can fairly say that most orthodontists are more interested in dental alignment than facial change. In fact many of them claim and I am sure believe that there is no risk of facial damage provided the treatment is conducted correctly. I think they are wrong. I have spent many years studying facial change and in 1999 published the results of a study of Identical Twins treated by different methods. I know of no better way to research this subject and it surprises me the no one has ever repeated this. I believe that the one pair I show below demonstrates all we need to know about fixed orthodontics and orthotropics.

I had previously noticed that faces almost always lengthened slightly when fixed appliances were used. Often this was only a millimetre or two, but sometimes more and occasionally much more (see illustration below). This usually occurs with more severe malocclusions especially if much retraction had been used. Soon my post box began to fill with mail from distressed patients, often very upset about what they thought was damage caused by orthodontics.

                                   

 

I can understand that orthodontists are very irritated with these opinions and see me as a threat. As a result of my research with twins I concentrate on achieving as much forward growth as possible with all my patients and soon I had dozens of cases with obvious facial improvements (see below which orthodontics were not able to equal). By then I had been thrown out of my orthodontic society, but continued with my research. However I was dismayed to find that in the UK few were listening to me, although more and more orthodontists from around the world have become interested and I think my message is now being heard.

 

As a general rule neither Prof or Dr Mew have time to engage in the comments section, their focus must be to gain as much real change and scientific engagement as possible, and this would otherwise consume all their time. If you want to engage with Prof John Mew or Dr Mike Mew on this or other topics then follow these links (if you want a personal opinion on your situation then please book an on-line consultation at https://orthodontichealth.co.uk/book-…

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Orthotropics 10. Assessing Facial Aesthetics

In session five we discussed the benefits of an attractive face and how they were related to forward growth and in session six, how the Indicator Line will measure facial development. There are many other ways of recognising facial features. Almost all authorities agree that symmetry is important and many orthodontists and especially surgeons base their treatment on this although most of us are bilaterally different to a greater or lesser extent.

In terms of facial shape, Robert Ricketts attached great importance to the Divine Proportion of just over one point six to one. This is actually the shape of the paper sizes A3, A4, and A5. It is a pleasing ratio and Ricketts showed that it fitted selected features of good looking faces but it also fits many unattractive faces too and I do not think it is very relevant. Another orthodontic measurement is the Nasio-Labial Angle, which looks better if it is near a right-angle and progressively worse as the upper lip drops back.

I personally use the “Cheek Line” which runs down sagittally from the centre of the lower eyelid just touching the soft tissue below. See illustration below. Ideally it should be parallel with the bridge of the nose but if the maxilla drops may run at 15 to 30 degrees to it. Cartoonists use the cheek line to great effect (see Illustration below).

Some orthodontists (Robinson 1986) believe the nose frequently grows after treatment and Behrents (1985) thinks it continues to grow in old age, but I believe both are wrong and it is the visual effect of the maxilla dropping.

In my experience the human eye is better at judging faces than any measurement. When I was assessing the changes to the appearance in identical twins following different types of treatment, it frequently took me some time to see any difference at all. However I was surprised to see that most of the judges agreed with my judgement although they must have had the same difficulty.

We know from the work of (Samuels & Elwy.1985) that even 1 year old babies can recognize a good looking face, suggesting that this appreciation is inborn and not developed as we grow up. My own research has shown that although we all agree about which faces are best looking, we have different preferences when faces are not perfect. This probably accounts for the common belief that “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder”.

Some people are convinced that using 3D images will make assessment easier. I think it may help to measure any changes but despite colour coding will not make it easier to judge attractiveness. Some Far Eastern populations have more prominent zygomatic processes which can look very attractive. However this advantage is soon lost if the maxilla is set back or contracted.

It has taken me years to realise that the prominence of the cheek bone needs to be coupled with the fullness of the alveolar support for the upper incisors and canines. This is only seen when they are well forward and near upright. I am told that alveolar bone does not count as it is only there because of the teeth, but this is semantics as it all goes together to form an outstanding face.

Undoubtedly Good Cheek bones Can give you a great advantage. See below.

Is it possible to scientifically asses facial attractiveness? Prof Mew discussed some aspects of this and suggests that the cheek line shows great promise. He has previously described Beauty as NOT being in the eye of the beholder, in this lecture; https://youtu.be/kC_sjWV-zhc.

Faces that grow well work well and are incidentally attractive. For too long this has been dismissed as a seemingly random event which was just inherited. As it becomes very clear that this is far from true it is important to apply science to the subject and making an objective assessment is part of this. If there are any other topics you want us to cover please let us know.

As a general rule neither Prof or Dr Mew have time to engage in the comments section, their focus must be to gain as much real change and scientific engagement as possible, and this would otherwise consume all their time. If you want to engage with Prof John Mew or Dr Mike Mew on this or other topics then follow these links (if you want a personal opinion on your situation then please book an on-line consultation at https://orthodontichealth.co.uk/book-…

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At birth all babies are obligate nasal breathers. This is because it would be fatal for them in the womb if they inhaled amniotic fluid. However many of them subsequently develop short or long-term nasal obstruction and are forced to breathe through their mouth.  For some this is temporary, but for others it develops into a long-term or even permanent open mouth posture.

There is some debate about the reason for the nasal obstruction but I am sure it is primarily related to household allergies. It is very important that mothers make every effort to encourage their child to keep their mouth closed. Many people are unaware that mouth breathing itself increases nasal congestion. So this can become a vicious circle. When I first suggested that lips could be taped, nearly 30 years ago, I was accused of child cruelty or worse. At that time I suggested two vertical strips of non-allergic tape, merely to act as a reminder.

There is much contradiction about how best to open the airway. The traditional treatment has been to remove the tonsils and adenoids which are presumed by many to be the cause. However I was influenced by the work of Brian Preston (1979) who used tomography to show than the upper airway is rarely obstructed by even large tonsils or adenoids. Instead I found that if my Stage 1 appliance was expanded at the semi-rapid rate for ten millimetres the airway would always enlarge enough for normal nasal respiration.

However there is a snag. If the child does not learn to breathe primarily through the nose the nasal airway will block again within eighteen months. This is why expansion must be coupled with training, but in my opinion the removal of tonsils and adenoids is usually unnecessary. Recent research has shown this ring of lymphoid tissue is an important part of the immune system and in any case usually shrinks as the child passes the age of ten.

I have no doubt that a lot of long-term facial damage is done in the first three years of open mouth growth. Babies look attractive anyway and it is often not until the pre-pubertal growth spurt at the age of 7 or 8 that the true vertical growth is exposed (see illustration below). Sadly by then it may be too late to restore a natural closed lip posture.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Quite apart from the lip posture, by the age of 8 it is often too late to restore the structural damage that has been done to the maxilla. This is why the majority of children from highly civilised countries are doomed to grow up with flat cheeks and big noses. The sad thing is that this could be avoided if only their parents realized the importance of keeping the mouth closed and I constantly recommend that treatment should start before the age of 8. The influence of an open mouth posture is huge even as late as 10 years old (see picture below).

I have been surprised that the orthodontic specialty has been so slow in recognising this damage. It was not really accepted until 1997 when Trotman, McNamara, Dibbets and Th van der Weele published their seminal paper. Even now I find many orthodontists give little importance to lip training .

If there are any other topics you want us to cover please let us know.

As a general rule neither Prof or Dr Mew have time to engage in the comments section, their focus must be to gain as much real change and scientific engagement as possible, and this would otherwise consume all their time. If you want to engage with Prof John Mew or Dr Mike Mew on this or other topics then follow these links;

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My father taught me the advantages of maxillary expansion which in his day was routine for 5 year olds unless they could place a 2mm coin between each front tooth, but when I graduated 30 years later, I was taught not to expand as it always relapsed. However the research of Skieller in 1964, using metal implants told me that most of the widening of the suture remained stable; it was the teeth and alveolus that relapsed. I then did my own research and found that if the tongue was resting in the palate, then there was very little relapse.

Unfortunately the dental authorities did not agree and I was fined large sums for expanding patients. This created my first confrontation with the British authorities and I had to take the Minister of Health to the High Court to justify expansion. At the time this changed the whole pattern of UK orthodontic treatment but most of my colleagues were using fixed appliances which are not ideal for expansion and so they soon forgot.

I designed the Stage 1 (see illustration below) in 1974 to achieve a range of objectives. It was constructed in Acrylic resin a very safe material, with one tooth cribbed on each side, with rests on the teeth in front and behind. This created a very stable appliance and with the use of Crozat clasps a child under the age of eight was not strong enough to remove it. It was in effect a fixed removable appliance, with the result that every adjustment was effective.

After a lot of experiment I decided the best rate of expansion was 1/16^th of a millimetre each side per day. I based this rate largely on the work of Storey 1973, who suggested that this rate widens the suture at a natural rate preventing the formation of scar tissue that often makes Rapid Expansion so damaging and unstable. So I adopted the 1/8^th of a 1mm turn of the screw each day so that there was always blood flow to the periodontium. Research shows that small intermittent movements are less damaging than a gentle continuous force.

I introduced a ‘shelf’ on each side of the appliance, so that the lower teeth, which I do not expand at this point, would still be supported after 10mm of expansion. This had several advantages; it was sloped towards the midline so it guided the mandible to the centre and widened it slightly. Also It was smooth so it allowed the mandible to slide forward. At the same time biting on the lower teeth ensured the appliance was well seated. Many clinicians and other appliances do not use the shelves and I think it lessens their success. I strongly disapprove of any acrylic covering the teeth as this opens the bite.

To make sure that the arch form is correct, the Catenary wires behind the incisors are re-contoured forward 1mm every two weeks, lengthening the arch as well as widening. This coupled with the contact of the appliance against the soft tissues of the vault ensures a near ideal maxillary form. Appliances which only expand create distorted arches which relapse later. The Indicator Line is adjusted at the same time, this process will be described later.

There is an ‘Approximating Wire’ on each lateral incisor to enable the clinician to bring the incisors together with all of them facing forward in the centre of the arch,. A rest on the distal tooth each side ensures that the appliance does not tilt forward or aft and there is a hook each side of the Canines for forward pull headgear which can also be used to align the incisors with elastics but this should only be done when the incisors are supported behind by the Catenary Wire. Almost routinely I expand patients under nine 8 millimetres and older that 10 millimetres. This will usually move the maxilla forward two or three millimetres.

 

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As you all know, every patient attending for treatment should be informed about both the
advantages and disadvantages of every treatment. This is not as easy as it sounds and we must be
careful not to pass our own convictions on to patients without mentioning any drawbacks. For
instance almost all orthodontics these days is done by fixed appliances. We ‘know’ they are precise
and are probably the best way of aligning teeth.

What about the disadvantages? Yes fixed appliances can cause some root resorption but we can’t
treat patients without that risk. However we must remember to mentions alternatives like
removable appliances even if we don’t use or agree with them, although we are allowed to say if in
our opinion onr or the other is more suitable. It is the same with stability. Orthodontic results will
almost always relapse unless the teeth are retained indefinitely. Do we say or believe there are no
alternatives or is it that we don’t accept the claims by orthotropists that they can create permanent
stability without root resorption. We must be even handed.

A major issue is facial appearance. Many papers and individuals have suggested that damage by
fixed appliances is possible and not so many have said that this does not happen.

 

In fact there is very little comparative research on this very sensitive subject.

Certainly it is of great importance to the public and we need to be honest about this.

Possibly the most important issue is the widespread use of minor or major facial surgery to improve
facial appearance. Major surgery and is usually delayed until the patient is over 18 and the results
vary with many successes but some failures. This is acceptable provided the patients are warned of
possible failure but many of these operations are elective which raises the stakes. Patients who are
offered irreversible surgery must be told of every possible risk or alternative treatment.

In 2012 I conducted a survey of 1059 members of the public asking them “Imagine for a moment
that you have a child who suffers from abnormal jaws and face. Typically major corrective surgery is
the recommended treatment. A non-surgical treatment using removable appliances is also available
but most surgeons do not consider it appropriate. When deciding on a treatment for your child
would you wish to be told of non-surgical alternatives?”. 93% said they would like to know about
non-surgical alternatives even if their surgeon did not think them appropriate.

Orthotropists claim to be able to avoid most jaw surgery (see illustration below), should every
patient be told about this? Some surgeons might be reluctant to mention rival methods but it is their
responsibility to know of and mention all alternative methods that have at any time claimed to be
effective. This information should be based, not on what the surgeon believes but on what the
patient might wish to know. Currently very few surgeons tell prospective patients that there are any
non-surgical alternatives.  John Mew has been working on a lecture series going into more depth on his thoughts, ideas and what inspired them. In this episode he talks about informed consent. If there are any other topics you want us to cover please let us know. Engage with Prof John Mew or Dr Mike Mew on this topic;

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Particularly if you have;

1) gained any benefit from the information that we have provided (usually for free).

2) wish to have the benefits of being a patreon member.

3) believe in, and wish to support our mission to gain full, free and fair debate (engagement) on these issues within the orthodontic and dental community. Currently the full proceeds of the patreon is directed to the video team, who donate the rest of their time for free. Please help in spreading this message.

Precis.  Diagnosis for orthotropics is very different from orthodontics. You are measuring the shape of the face and deciding what has caused any unattractive features. An orthotropist needs to learn how to recognise poor development and decide on the best way to correct it which is almost always to encourage forward growth of the Maxilla and Mandible.

Lecture 6. Diagnosis for orthotropics is very different from orthodontics. With a young patient the orthotropist is not very concerned with the position of the jaws or teeth because these can easily be changed. The posture of the mandible and tongue is of far more concern. Many orthodontists criticise orthotropists for sloppy diagnosis but the clinician only needs to note the position of the jaws so he can estimate how long it will take to re-position them. The position of the teeth is of less concern as their correction will depend primarily on the age and the co-operation of the patient.

I can usually diagnose the problem as the patient walks into the room and have judged what will be needed before they have sat down. I say that to draw attention to the simplicity of diagnosis. Apart from the 4% of genetic deformities such as a cleft lip, which are usually very obvious, all malocclusion is due to poor oral posture. There are just three things you need to look at their jaw, lips and tongue. You can then measure how far they are from the ideal and decide the extent to which you can restore it, knowing that a full correction is rare over the age of six.

The first and most basic measurement is the Indicator Line. This is simply the distance between the tip of the nose to the incisal edge of the upper incisors. It can be measured with an indicator line ruler, obtainable from www.johnmeworthotropics.co.uk . It is a way of measuring how far back and down the maxilla and incisors are from the ideal. It only gives an ‘indication’ but this has proved a simple and surprisingly accurate way of assessing the severity of any malocclusion. It should be about 28mm at the age of five and increase 1mm per year until puberty when it should be 38 for a man and 36 for a girl. (see picture below)

There is also a lower Indicator line measured between the incisor tip and the soft tissue vertically below it. It is suggested that this should be 2mm less than the upper Indicator Line. It is very rare to find someone with correct Indicator Lines, but it is also very rare to find anyone with room for 32 teeth with 10mm of spare space behind the wisdom teeth. They are usually the same people.

One needs to assess the shape of the face and especially the slope of the forehead to understand the head posture and growth direction (See illustration).

Also record the postural features such as how much the lips are apart. To do this I ask the patient to count up to six and watch the average separation. A natural seal is rare and research suggests that healthy 4 to 5 year old children in developed countries, leave their mouth open more than 80% of the time (Glatz-Noll,E & Berg,R. 1991).

In some groups with bi-maxillary protrusion the mouth can be open 15 to 20mm. There are many other postural features which can be recorded relating to various muscle bulges, which indicate para-functional activity. The most important records are facial photographs from the front and side. Three-quarter views are also useful for showing Maxillary change (see illustration). For record purposes these should be taken with a 5cm marker or ruler in the sagittal plane so that subsequent growth can be measured.

I may take X-rays of the teeth, but I do not find lateral skull X-rays helpful for forecasting growth or even of much use for recording changes. We will talk later about measuring growth and growth direction with a Gnathiometer.

John Mew has been working on a lecture series going into more depth on his thoughts, ideas and what inspired them. In this episode he talks about diagnosis of the face.

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